Abstract

Acid rain is a significant environmental issue that results from the release of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) into the atmosphere, primarily due to industrial activities, burning of fossil fuels, and transportation. These pollutants combine with water vapor, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere to form sulfuric and nitric acids, which then fall to Earth as acid rain. This article explores the multifaceted impacts of acid rain on ecosystems and human health. It begins with a detailed explanation of acid rain formation and its composition. The discussion section highlights how acid rain affects soil, water bodies, forests, agricultural crops, and biodiversity. Furthermore, the effects on human health, particularly through contaminated water supplies and respiratory issues, are examined. The article concludes with recommendations for mitigating acid rain through policy measures, technological innovations, and public awareness.