Abstract

The hydrosphere, encompassing all water on Earth—oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers, and groundwater—plays a pivotal role in the global water cycle. This abstract provides a concise overview of the hydrosphere's integral functions within the water cycle. Key processes include evaporation and transpiration, which transfer water to the atmosphere; condensation and precipitation, which return water to the surface; and infiltration and runoff, which replenish groundwater and surface water sources. The hydrosphere also influences climate regulation through heat storage, carbon sequestration, and various feedback mechanisms. Human activities, such as deforestation and pollution, impact these processes and pose challenges for sustainable water management. This analysis underscores the necessity of understanding and preserving the hydrosphere's health to address environmental challenges and ensure water resource sustainability.