Abstract

Humans are exposed to chemicals either voluntarily or involuntarily. Exposure to therapeutic agents is generally voluntary via various routes, whereas exposure to occupational and environmental chemicals is involuntary primarily via inhalation, dermal, and/or oral routes. 3D hepatic microtissues, not like 2D mobilephone cultures, preserve many of the in-vivo-like functionalities even after long-term cultivation. Such 3D cultures are an increasing number of utilized to check out liver harm due to drug publicity in toxicology. However, there is a want for thorough metabolic characterization of these microtissues for mechanistic grasp of results on subculture behaviour. We measured metabolic parameters from single human HepaRG hepatocyte spheroids on-line and consistently with electrochemical microsensors.