Abstract

Depressive disorder (DD) was viewed as a temporary and natural mood disorder for a long time. Biochemical changes in the monoamines and their receptors were thought to be primarily to blame for its etiology. Despite this, the disease’s prevalence and significant impact on the family and social environment of those who suffer from it have made it a global public health issue. The clinical manifestations, biochemical markers, and cerebral structures of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), which frequently overlap with neurodegenerative disorders, show changes in several psychiatric conditions that are referred to as neuroprogression. Apoptosis, decreased neurogenesis, decreased neuronal plasticity, and an increased immune response are all thought to occur in DD, making it a potentially aggressive form of neuronal deterioration.