Abstract

Cancer vaccination is a promising approach for stimulating the immune system to recognize and target tumor cells. Dendritic cells (DCs), key players in antigen presentation and immune activation, are critical for the success of cancer vaccines. However, DCs often exhibit impaired maturation in the tumor microenvironment, limiting their ability to effectively present antigens and trigger an immune response. This paper explores strategies to enhance dendritic cell maturation pathways for improving cancer vaccination efficacy. We review the molecular mechanisms involved in DC maturation, including signaling pathways and the role of various receptors and cytokines. Additionally, we highlight current approaches that target these pathways, such as toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, cytokine therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, aiming to boost DC activation and antigen presentation. The results from preclinical and clinical studies provide evidence supporting the potential of targeting DC maturation pathways in optimizing cancer vaccines. Finally, we discuss future directions for enhancing therapeutic outcomes.