Abstract

Bone cancer encompasses a range of malignancies, including primary tumors such as osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, as well as secondary metastatic lesions. Traditional management approaches— surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy-have improved survival rates but are associated with significant morbidity. Recent advances in targeted therapies, including immunotherapies, small-molecule inhibitors, and gene-editing technologies, have transformed the treatment landscape. This article reviews the molecular basis of bone cancer, emerging therapeutic targets, innovations in drug delivery, and ongoing challenges in clinical application. The role of a multidisciplinary approach in optimizing outcomes is also emphasized.