Abstract

Advanced atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, often requires surgical intervention when medical therapies fail to halt disease progression. This review explores the primary surgical solutions employed to manage severe cases of atherosclerosis, including angioplasty, stenting, coronary bypass surgery, and atherectomy. Angioplasty, often combined with stenting, is a minimally invasive procedure that opens narrowed arteries, restoring blood flow. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) offers an alternative for more complex cases by rerouting blood flow around blockages. Atherectomy, a less common option, involves the removal of plaque from the arterial walls. These procedures, though effective, carry inherent risks and are typically considered when lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatments prove insufficient. This overview highlights the importance of timely surgical intervention in improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of severe cardiovascular events in advanced atherosclerosis.