Abstract

Surface modification of metallic implants is critical to improving their biocompatibility, longevity, and functionality in biomedical applications. Despite the widespread use of metals like titanium, stainless steel, and cobalt-chromium alloys, their inherent properties such as corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and tissue integration can be significantly improved. Various surface modification techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, have been developed to enhance the biological response to implants. These modifications aim to improve cellular adhesion, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue healing while minimizing adverse reactions such as immune rejection. Techniques like plasma treatment, laser surface melting, coating with bioactive materials, and nanostructuring have shown great promise in enhancing the surface properties of metallic implants. This review discusses the latest advancements in surface modification strategies for metallic implants, focusing on their impact on biocompatibility, clinical outcomes, and future directions in implant development.