Abstract

Sex differences in toxicological responses are critical considerations in understanding how various chemicals and environmental agents affect male and female populations differently. Biological, physiological, and hormonal factors contribute to these differences, influencing susceptibility to toxicity and adverse health outcomes. This article reviews the mechanisms underlying sex-based disparities in toxicological responses, discusses specific examples across various chemical exposures, and emphasizes the importance of integrating sex as a biological variable in toxicological research and risk assessment. Understanding these differences is essential for developing effective health policies and protective measures.