Abstract

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Recent research has highlighted the gut microbiota's significant role in influencing T2DM pathogenesis. This article provides an in-depth exploration of how gut microbiota impacts T2DM, focusing on key mechanisms including microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, bile acid metabolism, and systemic inflammation. Dysbiosis, or microbial imbalance, has been linked to altered metabolic processes and increased risk of T2DM. Clinical evidence suggests that interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may offer therapeutic benefits by modulating gut microbiota. However, variability in individual responses emphasizes the need for personalized treatment approaches. Future research should aim to clarify the precise mechanisms underlying the gut microbiota-T2DM relationship and evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of microbiota-targeted therapies. This exploration highlights the potential for integrating gut microbiota research into clinical practice to enhance T2DM management and prevention.