Abstract

The ovary is made up of three distinct cell types: epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. When these cells become abnormal, they can divide and form tumors. Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor of an ovary. It may originate from the ovary itself or more frequently from communicating nearby structures like the inner lining of the abdomen or the fallopian tubes. These cells also can invade or spread to other parts of the body. At the beginning of this process, there may be no or only vague symptoms. Symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progresses. These symptoms include, among others, bloating, vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, abdominal swelling, constipation, and a loss of appetite. Common areas to which the cancer may spread are the lining of the abdomen, lymph nodes, the Women who have never had children, those who began ovulating at a younger age, and those who reach menopause at an older age are all more likely to develop ovarian cancer. It is also more common in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime. Other risk factors include hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, and obesity. Factors that reduce risk include hormonal birth control, tubal ligation, pregnancy, and breast feeding. There are five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, with high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) being the most common.