Abstract

Real-time pharmacokinetic (PK) monitoring is crucial in optimizing drug dosing and improving therapeutic outcomes. Nanotechnology has revolutionized this field by enabling precise, rapid, and non-invasive tracking of drug distribution, metabolism, and elimination in the human body. This article explores the advancements in nanotechnology for real-time PK monitoring, from its application in research to its clinical implementation at the bedside. Nanoparticles offer unique properties such as high surface area, enhanced sensitivity, and targeted drug delivery, which enhance the accuracy of PK measurements. By integrating nanosensors and wearable devices, real-time monitoring systems can provide continuous feedback, enabling personalized medicine and minimizing adverse drug reactions. This review highlights key technological innovations, clinical applications, and the challenges associated with transitioning nanotechnology-based PK monitoring from research to routine clinical practice.