Abstract

The detection and analysis of cell surface biomarkers, particularly the estrogen receptor (ER), play a pivotal role in the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers, including breast cancer. This paper reviews recent advancements in methodologies and technologies for the detection of cell surface biomarkers, with a specific emphasis on estrogen receptor profiling. We begin by discussing the significance of ER as a biomarker in oncology, outlining its role in disease progression and therapeutic targeting. Subsequently, we delve into traditional methods of ER detection, such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and highlight their limitations, including issues with sensitivity and quantification [1].