Abstract

Probiotics, live microorganisms that confer health benefits when administered in adequate amounts, have garnered significant attention for their potential to modulate mucosal immune responses. Mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in protecting the body’s mucosal surfaces, such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, from pathogens while maintaining tolerance to commensal microbes and dietary antigens. This review explores the mechanisms by which probiotics influence mucosal immune responses, encompassing interactions with epithelial cells, modulation of immune cell function, and production of immunoregulatory molecules. Clinical studies and experimental models demonstrate that specific probiotic strains can enhance mucosal barrier function, promote anti-inflammatory cytokine production, and regulate immune cell differentiation and activation. Moreover, probiotics show promise in mitigating mucosal immunerelated disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease and respiratory infections. Challenges in probiotic research, such as strain-specific effects and variability in clinical outcomes, underscore the need for standardized protocols and personalized approaches. Understanding the intricate interplay between probiotics and mucosal immunity holds potential for developing targeted interventions to promote mucosal health and manage immune-mediated diseases effectively.