Abstract

Preeclampsia is a complex, multifaceted disorder that occurs during pregnancy, characterized by hypertension and often accompanied by proteinuria. This condition typically manifests after the 20th week of gestation and can lead to significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality if not effectively managed. The pathophysiology of preeclampsia remains incompletely understood, though it is thought to involve abnormal placentation, endothelial dysfunction, and an imbalance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. Risk factors include maternal age, obesity, pre-existing hypertension, and a history of preeclampsia in previous pregnancies. The clinical presentation can range from mild symptoms to severe, life-threatening conditions, including eclampsia and HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets). Diagnostic criteria and management strategies have evolved, with a focus on early detection, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacological interventions such as antihypertensives and magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis. Recent advances in biomarker research and genetic studies are paving the way for improved diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches. This comprehensive overview synthesizes current knowledge on the etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and management of preeclampsia, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary care and ongoing research in improving outcomes for affected mothers and infants.

Preeclampsia is a complex hypertensive disorder unique to pregnancy, characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs, primarily the liver and kidneys. It typically arises after the 20th week of gestation and can lead to severe complications for both the mother and fetus if left untreated. The condition affects approximately 5-8% of pregnancies globally and is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research, the etiology of preeclampsia remains partly understood, involving a multifaceted interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. This comprehensive overview aims to consolidate current knowledge on preeclampsia, including its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic criteria. It will also explore contemporary management strategies and preventive measures, highlighting recent advancements and ongoing challenges in the field. By providing a thorough examination of preeclampsia, this review seeks to enhance understanding and foster improved outcomes for affected individuals.