Abstract

Pharmacokinetic variability significantly impacts drug efficacy and safety, particularly in special populations such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, and individuals with comorbidities. This review explores the factors influencing pharmacokinetics within these groups, including changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Understanding these variations is critical for optimizing dosing regimens and achieving therapeutic success. Individualized dosing strategies, pharmacogenetic testing, inclusive clinical trials, and continuous medical education are emphasized as essential tools for healthcare providers. By addressing the unique pharmacokinetic profiles of special populations, clinicians can enhance treatment outcomes and minimize adverse effects.