Abstract

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, relying on ionizing radiation to destroy malignant cells. However, it also induces oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation in both cancerous and healthy tissues. The imbalance between ROS production and the body’s antioxidant defense mechanisms contributes to radiation-induced side effects, including inflammation, fibrosis, and secondary malignancies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in radiation therapy is crucial for developing protective strategies. Antioxidants, radioprotectors, and pharmacological interventions have been explored to mitigate radiation-induced oxidative damage while preserving therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights the role of oxidative stress in radiation therapy and discusses emerging protective approaches to enhance treatment outcomes.