Abstract

Mucosal immunization offers a promising approach to enhance protection against a wide range of pathogens by targeting mucosal surfaces, the primary entry points for many infections. This review explores current strategies and recent advancements in optimizing mucosal immunization to maximize efficacy and durability of immune responses. Key considerations include the selection of appropriate antigen formulations, delivery systems, adjuvants, and routes of administration to elicit robust mucosal and systemic immune responses. Challenges such as antigen stability, mucosal barrier integrity, and regulatory hurdles are also discussed. By integrating insights from immunology, microbiology, and vaccine technology, this article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in mucosal immunization strategies.