Abstract

High-yield zero-grazing livestock systems require optimized nutritional strategies to ensure animal health, productivity, and sustainability. This review explores essential dietary components, including energy-dense feeds, high-quality protein sources, and balanced fiber intake, to support optimal growth, lactation, and reproduction. The role of precision feeding, supplementation with vitamins and minerals, and the incorporation of probiotics and prebiotics to enhance gut health are discussed. Additionally, sustainable feed sourcing, ration formulation techniques, and the impact of nutritional strategies on environmental sustainability are highlighted. Implementing tailored feeding programs based on livestock species and production goals is essential for maximizing efficiency while minimizing resource wastage.