Abstract

A wide variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, colonise the skin, intestines, respiratory and urogenital tracts, as well as other human body surfaces. The gut is the most heavily and densely colonised organ. The microbiome is essential for the growth of the immune system and tissue homeostasis. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota influences lung health and respiratory conditions by affecting not just the immune responses of the GI tract but also the immunity of distal organs like the lung. We present a review of recent research on the associations and underlying mechanisms of the relationship between the gut microbiota and common respiratory illnesses like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis (CF), lung cancer, and respiratory infections, as well as the development of probiotics as a therapeutic intervention for these illnesses.

Unknown is how the gut microbiota affects or contributes to autoimmune diseases’ systemic immunity. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor, shapes the immune system and affects host metabolism, making it a master modulator of host-microbiota interactions. Manipulation of the gut microbiota is a potential clinical therapy for autoimmune diseases. Additionally, therapeutic optimization while minimising potential side effects is crucial in these conditions. For the purpose of identifying potential future effective therapeutics based on the gut microbiota for preventing autoimmune diseases, we present studies relating gut microbiota dysbiosis to autoimmune pathways implicated in disease development.