Abstract

Abstract Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are a diverse group of compounds designed to mimic the effects of natural cannabinoids but often exhibit greater potency and unpredictable effects. This review synthesizes current evidence on the neurotoxic effects of SCs, highlighting both acute and chronic impacts on brain function. Acute exposure can lead to seizures, psychosis, and cognitive impairment, while chronic use is associated with neurodegeneration, mood disorders, and persistent cognitive deficits. The underlying mechanisms include excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Clinicians face challenges in diagnosing SC toxicity due to the limitations of standard drug screens, necessitating specialized testing methods. Management primarily involves supportive care and monitoring for long-term neuropsychiatric effects. Public health efforts must focus on education and prevention to mitigate the risks associated with SC use. Further research is critical to fully elucidate the neurotoxic mechanisms and develop effective intervention strategies.