Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders represent a group of progressive, irreversible diseases characterized by the degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system. Among the most well-known of these is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which involves memory loss, cognitive decline, and personality changes. Other neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), share similar pathophysiological mechanisms but differ in clinical presentation. The underlying causes of neurodegeneration in these conditions remain multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and age-related factors. Common pathological features include protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal cell death. Recent research has focused on unraveling these mechanisms in order to develop targeted therapies. While pharmacological treatments for Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases aim to alleviate symptoms or slow progression, no cure currently exists. The need for early diagnosis, improved biomarkers, and innovative treatment options remains critical. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical features, and emerging therapies for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.