Abstract

Aquatic organisms exhibit various toxicological responses to industrial pollutants, ranging from physiological impairments to chronic diseases and even mortality. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of toxic substances along the food chain can intensify these adverse effects, leading to the accumulation of contaminants in top predators. This phenomenon not only impacts individual organisms but also threatens the stability and resilience of entire ecosystems. Beyond the direct impact on aquatic organisms, industrial pollution also poses significant risks to human health. Contaminated water sources used for drinking, agriculture, and recreation can expose human populations to hazardous chemicals, leading to an array of health issues. Ingestion of contaminated fish and seafood further amplifies the potential risks, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of the toxicological pathways to protect human populations.