Abstract

Nasal vaccines represent an innovative and promising approach to immunization, particularly in the fight against infectious diseases. They leverage the mucosal immune system, which plays a pivotal role in defending the body from pathogens at mucosal surfaces, including the respiratory tract. This article provides a comprehensive review of nasal vaccines, their mechanisms of action, current development strategies, and their applications in preventing respiratory infections, such as influenza, COVID-19, and other viral and bacterial diseases. Furthermore, the article discusses the challenges, advantages, and future perspectives of nasal vaccine development.