Abstract

Nanomaterial-based sensors have emerged as powerful tools in various fields, including environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, and food safety. The unique properties of nanomaterials, such as their high surface area, tunable electronic properties, and enhanced reactivity, enable the development of highly sensitive and selective sensors. This article reviews the key types of nanomaterials used in sensor development, the principles behind their operation, and their applications in detecting various analytes. Challenges and future directions in the field are also discussed.