Abstract

Mucosal inflammatory diseases, affecting the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, pose significant clinical challenges due to their chronic nature and complex pathophysiology. This article reviews the underlying mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and emerging therapeutic strategies for common mucosal inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), allergic rhinitis, and mucosal candidiasis. We explore the role of immune dysregulation, cytokine imbalances, and epithelial barrier dysfunction in disease progression. Advances in understanding mucosal immunity have led to novel therapeutic approaches such as biologics targeting specific cytokines, microbiome modulation, and barrier-strengthening agents. The integration of these treatments into clinical practice has improved patient outcomes. Despite these advancements, ongoing research is essential to unravel the intricate interactions driving these diseases and to develop more effective management strategies. This comprehensive overview underscores the importance of continued innovation in the treatment of mucosal inflammatory diseases.