Abstract

Mucosal immune activation plays a critical role in maintaining the balance between tolerance and immunity at mucosal surfaces. This complex process involves various cellular and molecular mechanisms that are essential for protecting the host from pathogens while preventing excessive inflammation. Key players in mucosal immunity include epithelial cells, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). Despite the importance of mucosal immune activation, several challenges persist, including the need for improved understanding of its dysregulation in chronic diseases and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. This article explores the mechanisms underlying mucosal immune activation, the challenges associated with its dysregulation, and its implications for health and disease. By elucidating these aspects, we aim to provide insights into potential therapeutic interventions and advancements in mucosal immunology.