Abstract

Mucosal surfaces, including the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts, serve as the primary entry points for pathogens and environmental antigens. The presence of mucosal antibodies plays a pivotal role in defending these vulnerable surfaces against invading pathogens and maintaining immune homeostasis. Unlike circulating antibodies, mucosal antibodies are primarily of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotype, which is uniquely adapted to function at mucosal sites. This abstract aims to provide an overview of the role and characteristics of mucosal antibodies. Firstly, it explores the mechanisms by which IgA is generated, emphasizing the critical role of local mucosal immune responses. It highlights the contributions of antigen sampling and presentation by specialized cells such as dendritic cells and M cells, which facilitate IgA class switching and subsequent secretion. Furthermore, the functional properties of mucosal antibodies are discussed, including their ability to neutralize pathogens, prevent microbial adhesion and invasion, and modulate the composition of the microbiota. The importance of secretory component (SC), which protects IgA from proteolytic degradation and facilitates its transport across mucosal surfaces, is also highlighted. The complex interplay between mucosal antibodies, mucosal immune cells, and commensal microorganisms is addressed, underscoring the role of mucosal antibodies in maintaining immune tolerance while effectively combating pathogens. The concept of the common mucosal immune system is introduced, illustrating the interconnectedness of mucosal sites and the potential for systemic immune responses following mucosal immunization. Finally, the potential applications of mucosal antibodies in therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies are explored. Advances in the development of mucosal vaccines and strategies to enhance mucosal antibody responses offer promising avenues for preventing and treating mucosal infections. mucosal antibodies, predominantly IgA, act as guardians of the barrier, ensuring the integrity and functionality of mucosal surfaces. Understanding the generation, function, and interplay of mucosal antibodies provides insights into the development of effective preventive and therapeutic approaches targeting mucosal immunity.