Abstract

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have revolutionized the treatment of autoimmune disorders, offering targeted therapies that enhance efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This article explores recent innovations in mAb development, including advances in humanization techniques and the emergence of biosimilars, which aim to improve accessibility and affordability. We discuss key mAbs currently in clinical use, such as those targeting tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), highlighting their mechanisms of action and clinical outcomes in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis. Despite their success, challenges remain, including issues of long-term efficacy, immunogenicity, and the need for personalized treatment approaches. Additionally, we address the potential for novel mAb formats, such as bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, to enhance therapeutic precision. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in mAb therapy for autoimmune disorders, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to overcome existing hurdles and optimize treatment strategies for diverse patient populations.