Abstract

Cellular biochemistry encompasses the intricate molecular pathways that govern cellular functions, from energy production to signal transduction, gene expression, and cell survival. Understanding these pathways is essential for elucidating how cells maintain homeostasis and respond to various internal and external stimuli. Dysregulation of these biochemical networks is often at the root of many diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review explores key molecular pathways in cellular biochemistry, such as metabolism (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation), signaling (MAPK, PI3K/Akt), and protein homeostasis (ubiquitin-proteasome system), and their roles in cellular health and disease. A deeper understanding of these pathways can provide valuable insights into therapeutic targets for treating various cellular dysfunctions and diseases.