Abstract

Pneumonia, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, arises from complex interactions between pathogens and host immune responses. This review elucidates the molecular mechanisms underpinning the pathogenesis of pneumonia, focusing on both bacterial and viral etiologies. We examine how specific virulence factors of pathogens, such as adhesins and toxins, contribute to infection establishment and progression. Additionally, we explore the host's immune response, highlighting the roles of innate immune cells, cytokine signaling, and adaptive immunity in combating pneumonia. Dysregulation of these immune responses can lead to severe inflammation and tissue damage, exacerbating disease severity. By integrating current research findings, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between microbial agents and host defenses, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies and vaccine development to combat pneumonia effectively. Insights gained from these interactions are crucial for enhancing clinical management and improving patient outcomes in pneumonia cases.