Abstract

Nanoparticles have emerged as versatile tools in drug delivery, offering precise control over pharmacokinetics and targeting. Understanding the molecular dynamics of nanoparticle-cell interactions is crucial for optimizing their efficacy and safety. This article reviews recent advancements in the field, focusing on the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle uptake, intracellular trafficking, and biological responses. Key insights into nanoparticle design principles and characterization techniques are discussed, highlighting their implications for personalized medicine and therapeutic innovation.