Abstract

Understanding drug metabolism pathways is essential for optimizing pharmacological treatments and ensuring patient safety. Drug metabolism involves enzymatic processes that convert drugs into more water-soluble metabolites, facilitating their elimination from the body. Phase I metabolism introduces functional groups through oxidative reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes, while Phase II metabolism involves conjugation reactions with endogenous molecules. Genetic variability, environmental factors, and drug-drug interactions influence the rate and extent of drug metabolism, impacting therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. This article explores the fundamental principles of drug metabolism pathways, emphasizing their clinical implications and the potential for personalized medicine approaches to enhance treatment outcomes