Abstract

Antigen recognition and response are critical components of the immune system's ability to defend against pathogens and maintain homeostasis. This review explores the intricate mechanisms by which macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells identify and respond to antigens. Macrophages, through their phagocytic activity and pattern recognition receptors, play a pivotal role in the initial detection of pathogens and the activation of innate immunity. Dendritic cells serve as key antigen-presenting cells, bridging innate and adaptive immunity by processing and presenting antigens to T cells. B cells, equipped with specific receptors, are crucial for recognizing antigens, producing antibodies, and mediating humoral responses. By examining the interactions and functional contributions of these cells, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of how antigen recognition and immune responses are orchestrated, highlighting their implications for vaccine development and immunotherapy.