Abstract

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have emerged as essential tools in global efforts to conserve marine biodiversity, sustain fisheries, and protect vital ecosystem services. Despite their growing importance, the implementation and management of MPAs face significant challenges, ranging from conflicting interests among stakeholders to insufficient enforcement and monitoring capabilities. This paper explores the multifaceted challenges associated with establishing and maintaining MPAs, including political, economic, and social obstacles, as well as the complexities of balancing conservation goals with sustainable resource use. Additionally, the paper examines the opportunities MPAs present for enhancing global ocean governance, promoting climate resilience, and supporting the blue economy. Through a review of case studies and current practices, this analysis highlights the need for innovative governance frameworks that integrate local communities, leverage technological advancements, and foster international collaboration. By addressing these challenges and capitalizing on emerging opportunities, MPAs can play a pivotal role in achieving long-term ocean sustainability and resilience.