Abstract

Liver cancer, primarily hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), represents a major global health concern with high morbidity and mortality rates. The increasing prevalence of liver cancer can be attributed to factors such as chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective management and treatment, as advanced stages are often associated with poor prognosis. This paper provides an overview of current diagnostic approaches for liver cancer, including imaging techniques, biomarker analysis, and histopathological evaluation. Imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are central to the detection and staging of liver cancer, each with its strengths and limitations. The use of serum biomarkers, including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and new emerging markers has improved diagnostic accuracy but is still under ongoing research. Histological examination through biopsy remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis. This introduction outlines the advancements in diagnostic methods, highlighting the need for continued research to improve early detection and personalized treatment strategies for liver cancer.