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  • Mini Review   
  • Psychol Psychiatry 2022, Vol 7(2): 139
  • DOI: 10.4172/ppo.1000139

Kinesiology Clinical Neuropsychology, Psychophysiology and Temperament

Richard Paul*
Department of Psychology Division, Politecnico di Milano, Italy
*Corresponding Author : Richard Paul, Department of Psychology Division, Politecnico di Milano, Italy, Email: richard.paul90@gmail.com

Received Date: Apr 03, 2023 / Published Date: Apr 29, 2023

Abstract

Learning outcomes as a concept has encountered a revival since the beginning of the Bologna process in 1999. The concept itself has a longer history with its roots in the behaviourist tradition of the 1960s. The goal of this review is to study how the historical roots of learning outcomes are noted in current research articles since the launch of the Bologna process and whether the concept of learning outcomes is used critically or uncritically. The review of 90 articles shows that the behaviourist tradition is still evident in the 21st century research with 29% of the articles directly and 11% indirectly referring uncritically to the respective publications or to the behaviourist epistemology. Only a minority of the articles, i.e. 8%, was found to be critical towards the behaviourist meaning of learning outcomes.

Citation: Paul R (2023) Kinesiology Clinical Neuropsychology, Psychophysiologyand Temperament. Psychol Psychiatry 7: 139. Doi: 10.4172/ppo.1000139

Copyright: © 2023 Paul R. This is an open-access article distributed under theterms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author andsource are credited.

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