Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), another name for kidney cancer, is a form of cancer that develops in the tissues of the kidneys. It is a typical form of cancer, and over the past few decades, its occurrence has been rising. Physical examination, medical history, blood and urine tests, imaging studies, and biopsy techniques are frequently used in the diagnosis of kidney cancer. This study paper’s goal is to give an overview of the numerous techniques used to diagnose kidney cancer, together with information about their reliability, advantages, and drawbacks.

Clinical transplantology is a specialty of medicine that is constantly developing. Kidney transplantation is now a common therapeutic procedure, and it significantly lowers mortality and enhances patient quality of life. Allogenic transplantation triggers an immunological reaction, which could result in the transplanted organ being rejected. A biopsy of the transplanted kidney is the gold standard for assessing the recipient’s body’s rejection of the organ. However, because of how invasive this operation is, researchers are looking for alternate diagnostic techniques. Consequently, the biomarkers might be a key predictor of transplant rejection. New information on neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL-10), cystatin C (CysC), osteopontin (OPN), and clusterin (CLU) is summarised in a review.