Abstract

Nanotechnology, with its promise of revolutionary advancements in various fields, has also brought attention to potential risks associated with exposure to engineered nanoparticles (NPs). Nano toxicology, the study of the adverse effects of nanomaterials on living organisms, is a rapidly evolving field aimed at understanding the toxicity mechanisms and mitigating risks. This review examines current research findings on the toxicological effects of nanoparticles, including their interactions with biological systems, cellular pathways, and potential health implications. Various factors influencing nanoparticle toxicity, such as size, shape, surface chemistry, and route of exposure, are explored. Additionally, the challenges and future directions in nano toxicology research are discussed, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovative methodologies to address emerging concerns and ensure the safe development and application of nanotechnology.