Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a fundamental pillar of global agriculture, sustaining over half of the world’s population. The indepth study of rice genetics has significantly influenced how we cultivate and utilize this essential crop. This article offers a detailed exploration of the genetic landscape of rice, examining its historical development, key genes that shape its traits, and the far-reaching implications of this genetic knowledge for future breeding efforts. We highlight critical genes such as GS3, which regulates grain size; Sub1A, which provides flood tolerance; and Xa21, which confers disease resistance. These genetic foundations are vital for understanding rice’s adaptability and productivity. Additionally, we explore the transformative effects of this genetic knowledge on breeding practices, including the promise of advanced molecular techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 for precise genetic modification. As we deepen our understanding of rice genetics, we pave the way for a future where rice continues to be a vital source of nutrition for our expanding global population, supported by scientific innovation.