Abstract

The health of fish populations is essential for the stability of aquatic ecosystems and the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture industries. However, numerous pathogens pose significant threats to fish populations worldwide, leading to economic losses and ecological disruptions. This abstract provides an overview of the complex landscape of pathogens affecting fish and explores the importance of investigation, detection, and management strategies. Common pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and environmental stressors, are discussed, along with their associated diseases and symptoms. Methods for investigating and detecting fish pathogens, such as molecular techniques, serological assays, and histopathological examination, are highlighted. Challenges, including antibiotic resistance, global trade, climate change, and emerging pathogens, are identified, emphasizing the need for integrated management strategies. Collaboration between researchers, veterinarians, industry stakeholders, and policymakers is essential for implementing effective measures to safeguard fish health and ensure the long-term viability of fish populations in a changing environment.