Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atherosclerosis are two interconnected conditions that significantly contribute to global morbidity and mortality. CKD accelerates the development of atherosclerosis through shared risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Atherosclerosis, in turn, exacerbates CKD progression by impairing renal perfusion and inducing ischemic damage. This bidirectional relationship increases cardiovascular complications and worsens patient outcomes. In this review, we explore the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms linking CKD and atherosclerosis, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and vascular calcification. Additionally, we discuss clinical implications, emphasizing the importance of early detection and integrated management strategies aimed at mitigating the risk of cardiovascular events and slowing CKD progression. The review also highlights current therapeutic approaches, challenges in treatment adherence, and the role of multidisciplinary care in optimizing long-term outcomes.