Abstract

International public law, often referred to as international law, is a dynamic and intricate framework that governs the relations between states and various international actors. This research article provides a comprehensive exploration of the foundations, historical evolution, and contemporary challenges within the realm of international public law. It delves into the sources, principles, and institutions that constitute the backbone of this field, as well as the pressing issues it confronts in the 21st century. This abstract offers a glimpse into the content of the full article, highlighting the importance of international public law in today's globalized world. The research article begins by tracing the historical evolution of international law, from its ancient roots to the modern state-centric system. It then discusses the primary sources and fundamental principles of international law, offering insight into how these principles shape international relations.

The article also explores the crucial role played by international institutions, such as the United Nations and international courts, in facilitating cooperation and resolving disputes among nations. However, the focus of the article extends beyond the traditional aspects of international law to address contemporary challenges. These include issues related to humanitarian intervention, state sovereignty versus human rights, environmental concerns, cyber warfare, and the use of emerging technologies in warfare. It examines the implications of these challenges for the future of international law.