Abstract

The mucosal immune system plays a pivotal role in protecting the body from pathogens while maintaining tolerance to commensal microbes and food antigens. Innovations in modulating mucosal immunity have opened new avenues for therapeutic interventions across various diseases. This review explores recent advances in understanding mucosal immunity, including novel strategies for modulation and their therapeutic implications. Key topics include mucosal vaccine development, microbiome-based therapies, targeted drug delivery systems, and the role of mucosal surfaces in immune-related disorders. The review also discusses challenges and future directions in leveraging these innovations to enhance therapeutic outcomes.