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Hindi Research Article
Impact of Pregnancy on the Levels of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Jain RB*Private Consultant, Dacula, GA, USA
- Corresponding Author:
- Ram B Jain Private Consultant, 2959 Estate View Court, Dacula, GA, USA
Tel: +1-910-729-1049
E-mail: Jain.ram.b@gmail.com
Received Date: November 16, 2016; Accepted Date: December 28, 2016; Published Date: December 31, 2016
Citation: Jain RB (2016) Impact of Pregnancy on the Levels of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Community Med Health Educ 6:493. doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000493
Copyright: © 2016 Jain RB. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract
Objective: To compare the levels of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) between pregnant and non-pregnant females.
Design: Cross-sectional for pregnant and non-pregnant females who participated in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2001-2010 were examined. Data for 10 urinary metabolites of PAH, namely, 1-hydroxynaphtahlene, 2-hydroxynaphtahlene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyfluorene, 1- hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1- hydroxypyrene were analyzed.
Setting: Cross-sectional data for pregnant and non-pregnant females from NHANES for the year 2001-2010.
Subjects: The study sample included 334 pregnant and 1679 non-pregnant females aged 20-44 years who participated in NHANES for the period 2001-2010.
Results: Pregnant females had statistically significantly lower levels of 2-hydroxyfluorene (394.4 vs. 457.1 ng/L, p=0.03), 3-hydroxyfluorene (139.1 vs. 207.9 ng/L, p<0.01), and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (87.9 vs. 109.6 ng/L, p<0.01) than non-pregnant females but statistically significantly higher levels of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (185.3 vs. 133.8 ng/L, p<0.01), 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (47.3 vs. 37.9 ng/L, p<0.01) and 1-hydroxypyrene (155.2 vs. 126.7 ng/L, p=0.04). Smokers had statistically significantly higher levels for every PAH metabolite than non-smokers (p<0.01), for example, for 1-hydroxynaphthalene, adjusted levels for smokers and nonsmokers were 9329.0 vs. 3277.5 ng/L (p<0.01) and for 2-hydroxynaphthalene, adjusted levels for smokers and nonsmokers were 7551.8 vs. 1231.2 ng/L (p<0.01). Observed levels of all 10 PAH metabolites increased (p<0.01) over 2001-2010 for both pregnant and non-pregnant females.
Conclusion: Depending up on the individual PAHs, pregnancy may accelerate or decelerate excretion of PAH metabolites.
