Abstract

The human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. This article explores the multifaceted impact of gut microbiota on drug metabolism processes, including phase I and phase II reactions, and its influence on drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. Understanding these interactions is crucial for advancing personalized medicine and optimizing therapeutic outcomes by leveraging microbiota modulation strategies. This review synthesizes current knowledge and highlights the clinical implications of microbiota-drug interactions