Abstract

Air pollution has emerged as one of the most significant environmental health challenges worldwide, affecting both human health and the sustainability of ecosystems. The primary pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are primarily released through industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and deforestation. These pollutants have detrimental effects on human respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological systems, leading to an increase in premature deaths, respiratory disorders, and diseases like asthma and bronchitis. Furthermore, ecosystems suffer from acid rain, soil degradation, and disruption of biodiversity. This study explores the global implications of air pollution, considering diverse regions with varying levels of industrialization and air quality management practices. The findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive regulatory frameworks, technological innovations in emission control, and public awareness campaigns to mitigate the adverse impacts of air pollution on human health and ecosystem sustainability.