Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to motor and cognitive impairments. In recent years, immune system modulation has gained increasing attention as a potential factor contributing to the pathogenesis of PD. Both central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglial activation and peripheral immune responses are implicated in the chronic neuroinflammation observed in PD. Activation of microglia and infiltration of peripheral immune cells such as T-cells and monocytes contribute to the neuroinflammatory environment, which exacerbates neuronal damage. Several studies suggest that modulating immune responses could provide therapeutic benefits in slowing disease progression. This review synthesizes findings from recent articles on the role of immune modulation in PD, focusing on the mechanisms of immune system involvement, therapeutic strategies, and challenges in translating these findings to clinical practice.