Abstract

Immune memory is a cornerstone of the adaptive immune system, enabling the body to mount rapid and robust responses upon re-encounter with previously encountered pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms underlying immune memory is crucial for the development of effective vaccines and strategies to combat infectious diseases. This review explores the current understanding of immune memory, with a focus on insights gained from both vaccinology and infection biology. We discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the generation, maintenance, and recall of immune memory, highlighting the role of memory B cells, memory T cells, and long-lived plasma cells. Additionally, we examine how various factors, including antigen persistence, antigenic variation, and immunosenescence, influence the longevity and efficacy of immune memory. Finally, we discuss the implications of immune memory for vaccine design and strategies to enhance long-term protection against pathogens.