Abstract

Immune evasion is a key mechanism that allows tumors to escape immune surveillance and progress. Tumor cells employ various strategies to avoid detection and elimination by the immune system, including immune checkpoint inhibition, antigen masking, and immunosuppressive cytokine release. These mechanisms not only contribute to cancer progression but also limit the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. Recent advancements in understanding the complex interactions between tumor cells and the immune system have highlighted potential therapeutic targets to reverse immune evasion. This review explores the major immune evasion strategies employed by tumors, their impact on immune responses, and the development of immunotherapies aimed at overcoming these challenges. Additionally, the paper discusses the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in immune evasion and highlights promising therapeutic approaches that target immune checkpoints, tumor-associated macrophages, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). These insights provide new avenues for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies and overcoming treatment resistance.